Updated guidelines for intravenous contrast use for CT and MRI. Huynh K, Baghdanian AH, Baghdanian AA, et al. 2021 Guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: A guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, et al. European Stroke Organisation guideline on endarterectomy and stenting for carotid artery stenosis. Prognosis of asymptomatic carotid artery occlusion: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Misconceptions regarding the adequacy of best medical intervention alone for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The fate of asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis in the era of best medical therapy. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis treated with medical therapy alone: temporal trends and implications for risk assessment and the design of future studies. Medical (nonsurgical) intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: results of a systematic review and analysis. Screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: recommendation statement. Prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general population: an individual participant data meta-analysis. This review outlines diagnostic sonography criteria for stenosis and occlusion of extracranial and intracranial arteries.ĭe Weerd M, Greving JP, Hedblad B, et al. Furthermore, the usefulness of the VA pulsatility index and resistance index has been suggested for diagnosing stenosis or occlusion of the BA. ![]() The PSV of stenosis can be used to diagnose stenosis at the beginning of the VA or V1, and mean flow velocity, mean ratio, and diameter ratio can be used to diagnose distal VA occlusion. An indicator called the end-diastolic (ED) ratio can be used for diagnosing occlusion of the distal ICA or the M1 segment of the MCA. ![]() Recently, the acceleration time ratio has been reported for diagnosis of ICA origin stenosis. Stenosis at the origin of the ICA is mainly evaluated using the parameter peak systolic velocity (PSV), with values of ≥ 200–230 cm/s indicating severe stenosis. Carotid artery ultrasonography is capable of diagnosing or inferring the presence or absence of stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery (VA), as well as the not directly observable distal ICA, middle cerebral artery (MCA), and basilar artery (BA).
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